Skis have brakes. They stop the skis flying down the slopes when they come off your feet.
I've been a ski-er much longer than I've been a cyclist, so I can't translate cycle skills to ski-ability.
I'd say that you definitely need to have goggles. You can't guarantee good weather up in the mountains, and just one flurry of snow and you are stuck in misery land and unable to move without them.
Sadly ski-ing does need a lot of kit to be comfortable, and if you are learning, you need to be comfortable. Your technical stuff is good as a base layer, and a good couple of layers are needed on top. The better you get, the less standing around that you do, the less clothes that you need. When beginning, two pairs of gloves can be useful, letting one pair dry out as you wear the other pair. I used to rent, but prices at TKMaxx, etc, means that first season clothing is very affordable. If you enjoy it, upgrade to longer lasting stuff.