Yes, i've got carbon forks on my road bike and i do ride on fairly uneven roads sometimes with no worries.
Carbon is actually very strong in terms of being able to withstand shock/bumps/stress, as it's got a lattice structure which holds it together very well.
Where it isn't good however is if an actual impact to the carbon itself knocks a dent in it or, say, a rock gouges a chunk out of it, or it gets cracked, then the lattice structure is damaged and it isn't half as strong, this is why I wouldn't ride a carbon-framed mtb, at least for FR/AM/'challenging' XC style mtbing, although it'd probably be ok (read: ideal) for your 'true' XC type stuff, such as a race round sherwood pines for instance.