I'll have a go - but it's a bit 'head above the parapet' stuff.
Tyre pressures
and checking treads for potential puncture causes - every week (latter easiest after a tyre clean)
Oil chain - every week / 300km
Clean rear mech jockey wheels, cassette and chainrings - every month (at the same time as a chain clean/oil or chain replacement)
Brake pads/blocks - varies massively but check every month / 1000km - adjust for wear as necessary. Rear ones last twice as long as front ones.
Check all bolts for tightness - every month (eg cable anchors, bottle cages, mudguards and rack stays, stem bolts, seat post collar, saddle rail/seatpost fastening
Lube cable guides under bottom bracket - 3 months
Remove, clean and refit seatpost - every 3 months (measure before removing and replace at exactly same height)
Chain - replace when it elongates by 0.75% - say after 2500km
Take off, clean and lube rear mech jockey wheels - every chain change
Cassette - replace every third chain
Bottom bracket - varies massively (but sealed square taper 20,000km, say)
Cables and cable outers - annual / 10,000km
Hanger alignment - annual (or immediately after any bash on the right side - when riding or in garage/car etc)
Chainrings - 25,000km for the one that gets hardest use (varies with material eg alloy). Distance shortens if you run (elongated) chain and cassette on together till 'slip'.