Dunno if it helps but I sometimes push myself to the point where my vision starts to go and fingers start to tingle. There is no pushing yourself beyond that point because you fall over as you start to lose consciousness. Thats where I find my max hr.
I found by trial and error that I could max out my heart rate one day and the next day it would not go back to the same level so rest between trials.
It's easier to find your max running than cycling. Just using your legs won't max out your heart, you need to use your upper body too. In order to get your heart to respond you need to get the blood moving round your body, this done in combination with your heart and the muscles which pump the blood back, so cadence as a role to play here. Pushing big gears won't do it, unless you are riving and tearing with your upper body and the cadence is high enough.
I came back to cycling after a 25 year lay off (51), in the first year my max was 161, verfied by running hill repeats, the next year it maxed at 164 and this year it looks like it's 167. It's not supposed to be trainable.
The Sunderaland park run has an uphill finish. I was experimenting using the natural resonance in running to keep my HR high without going lactic and went all out at the finish to hit 167. Here is an example in this link. I was so knackered at the finish I could not find my garmin to press the stop button for a few seconds. I was doing 96% of my max for 20 mins .
http://connect.garmin.com/activity/158623856
I have an ectopic heart rate, it loses the plot now and again but it does not stop me using it to the max.
I also compliment this with long slow rides of 6-8 hours.
Being fit and being healthy are not the same thing. You need rest too. If I were you I'd mix it up so you have the aerobic capacity to support your all out efforts and don't get bored.
Doing all out efforts for long periods of time is where damage is likely to occur, but it is a temporary effect.
http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/12December/Pages/endurance-exercise-short-term-heart-damage.aspx
You are not alone, Cammish worried about his heart for a bit.
http://www.planet-x-bikes.co.uk/new...e/2011/04/08/my-hardest-ever-interval-session
HTH