Despite their higher speeds motorways are generally the safest roads across all networks, and this is generally due to their higher design standards and the absence of pedestrians, cyclists and slow-moving vehicles. Most European countries’ interurban motorways have a speed limit of 75–81 mph, and whilst there is no legally enforced limit on one third of Germany’s motorway network the recommended top speed is 81 mph. If involved in an accident a driver on the German motorway network is held responsible if they are travelling more than 81 mph. The speed limits on European motorways range from 56 mph (Norway) to 93 mph (Italy). The average speed limit for all countries across Europe is just under 76 mph. The most frequently occurring speed limit is 81 mph (ETSC, 2010b).
4.7 4.8 31 Speed Limits
Some 50% of the driving population currently exceeds the 70 mph limit in free-flowing traffic on UK motorways. If this limit were more strictly enforced by average speed camera detection the following effects have been estimated (Sexton & Johnson, 2009):
• 37 fewer lives would be lost per year on the motorway.
• There would be a decrease of 138 serious and 817 slight casualties.
• There would be an emissions reduction of 2.9% CO2 and 4.0% NOx .
• Journey times would increase by 3 minutes in every hour (5%). It was assumed in the above estimation that all drivers currently exceeding the speed limit travel at 70mph and all other drivers’ speeds are unchanged.
The same calculation has been done for raising the current 70 mph limit to 80 mph with the higher limit enforced by average speed camera detection. It has been found that this would have the following effect (ibid.):
• 18 extra lives would be lost (full-year estimate).
• There would be an increase in 64 serious and 363 slight casualties.
• There would be an emissions increase of 1.7% CO2 and 1.8% NOx .
• Journey times would decrease by 4.1 minutes every hour.
If the current 70 mph limit were lowered to 60 mph with the lower limit enforced by average speed camera detection the following effect is anticipated:
• 94 fewer lives lost per year on the motorway.
• There would be a decrease of 371 serious and 2,376 slight casualties.
• Emissions reduction of 7.3% CO2 and 10% NOx .
• Journey times would increase by 6.8 minutes in every hour. The net present value of this approach is negative due to the large offset for the increase in travel time.
Similar assumptions were made to those used for the stricter enforcement of the 70 mph limit, and it is important to recognise the greater the departure from the current speed limit/enforcement regime the less reliable these estimates become. Decisions on speed limits essentially come down to a policy decision on weighing up the costs and benefits. If the government were to take a Swedenstyle ‘Vision Zero’ approach it is unlikely that they would increase the speed limit to 80 mph.