That little screw and the exact same one on the other side are used to position the pair of brake calipers so that you can centre the brakes over the wheel's centre line. You tune the position by screwing the one in and the other one out. They pretension a spring and the two arms them move left or right.
And just to caution you, the screw head is so-called JIS (Japanese Industry Standard) which is not really compatible with the Philips screwdriver in your toolbox so the screw head strips very easily. I wish they would convert to DIN.
It adjusts the amount of bias on the brake lever. It is there to allow you to centralise the brakes so that you don't have one side or the other binding.
It adjusts the spring tension on that brake arm so that when you release the brake the arms move away from the wheel rim. If one of the arms stays closer to the rim than the other screw it in a litlle on the 'lazy' arm.
And just to caution you, the screw head is so-called JIS (Japanese Industry Standard) which is not really compatible with the Philips screwdriver in your toolbox so the screw head strips very easily. I wish they would convert to DIN.
Yes they do. A massive PITA, if you achieve it.
I prefer the adjuster screw on top of the calipers arrangement, that most modern road type rim brakes ( particularly Shimano )seem to come with now.
The screw shouldn't be tight, it only adjusts the preload on a spring, if one of them is tight/towards the end of its travel then undo the one on the other side, that has the same effect.
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