The point of a Compact (50/34) chainset is mainly for the lower gears, the difference in the top gears from a normal double chainset is much smaller.
Going back to a double (53/39) from a compact (50/34) will increase gearing in the big ring by 6% as 53/50 = 1.06, if you are spinning out in the big ring on a compact the most you will get is a 6% increase in speed (and only if you can still spin out with the 53).
However, upping the small ring from a compact to a double reduces the low gearing by almost 15% (39/34 = 1.147)!
This is why compact chainsets are popular now, as you lose little on the high end (where you can freewheel anyway) but gain a lot on the low end which can help on the steep climbs, especially for heavier or less fit riders.
I know that Shimano do a 52/36 chainset to try and find a compromise in the middle, but the best solution is to choose the gearing for the profile of the course, as the pro's do. If there are no steep climbs and a lot of descents then why not use a 53 (or even higher if you can find them), on the climbs choose a chainset to give you a low enough gear to get up! Swapping chain rings would not be worth it for us mortals, so unless you can afford two bikes for the trainer it's not really an answer.
One good compromise on a trainer bike (since the weight of the bike is irrelevant) is to get a larger rear sprocket, such as a 11-32 to give back the low gear you lose by moving the front from a compact 50/34 to a double 53/39. At the low end 39/32 (1.21875) is much the same gearing as 34/28 (1.2142857), but at the high end 53-11 gives you that 6% increase over 50-11.
Personally, I soft pedalled on the long steep descents and got my breath back for the climbs, where the power expenditure was not wasted overcoming wind drag!
I tried tucking in to go faster, but it didn't seem to work on the trainer ...
Cheers,
Geoff