I think Brains is a pessimist. My experience over the past 10 years or so has been a bit better. Pinching Brains' list:
750 to 1500 miles per pair of front brake pads
2000 to 3000 miles per pair of rear brake pads
1,000 to 2000 miles for a chain
2,000 to 4000 miles for tyres (rear ones go first and sometimes suddenly)
5,000 - 6000 miles for rear cassette (provided chain is replaced well before it's worn out)
10,000 miles for the cables
5,000 to 6000 miles for chainset (I always replace it, including cranks, when the cassette is replaced)
I had one traditional bottom bracket last over 80,000 miles with a new set of ball bearings at about 60,000. One sealed cassette one lasted under 4000. Wouldn't like to call them.
The jockey wheels on the derailleur tension arm vary hugely between 3000 miles after 2 bad winters and about 10,000 miles
5,000 miles for rims
At least 20,000 miles for hubs
I am fairly light on components now, and have been for at least 10 years. When younger I could go through them faster. I stressed them more by riding harder, but it's hard to call because some things were tougher, some were less durable.
Life of parts depends on how you ride, where you ride, weather conditions, and luck, so there's no definitive answer.