1. Bike.
Your bike looks like a pair or rear panniers, a tent longways on top of the rack, and a handlebar bag for valuables to me. This is a fairly standard arrangement.
A camping tour without panniers generally involves quite a lot of careful accumulation of light and compact gear beforehand, along with short try-out trips. It generally end up either expensive or spartan, and spartan for a longer trip can be pretty miserable if the weather isn't kind.
2. Luggage.
There are welded construction panniers that don't leak, and stitched construction panniers that do leak. If you've got leaky panniers, anything that's damp sensitive (sleeping bag, clothes) should be in something waterproof. Drybags are best, but basic poly bags will do. The other main difference between various panniers is how solidly they attach to the rack. Good panniers will have something that goes underneath the top rail of the rack to stop the pannier jumping off when you hit a pothole, and a bit that goes behind a rack leg to stop the pannier swinging outwards at the bottom. Cheap panniers have plain hooks with elastic that goes though a ring and hooks on the bottom of the rack. This mostly keeps the pannier from swinging out or jumping off, but not always.
3. Accommodation
Cheap tents mostly work fine. Occasionally, you'll get strong wind that will destroy the tent (which is most vulnerable whilst you are putting it up), or at least stop you putting it up. In which case, it's spend the night in the campsite toilet block, spend it hiding behind a wall, or go and look for a nearby hotel. Based on my trips to Scotland, and seeing other people's tents blow down, a cheap tent (by which I mean something as basic as a festival dome) would be inadequate maybe one night in 50 or 60. Decent tents (£150 upwards) do a lot better.
Other than that, it's a matter of size, weight, cost, and preferences. If you get into your sleeping bag and stay fairly still, a small (and light) tent may be OK, but if you fidget and move about, you would probably want a bigger tent. Many people like a nominal 2-person tent for solo use. Also consider entrance location (end on, or side on) with regard to whether you want to cook from your sleeping bag or not, and porch space for keeping mostly packed panniers under shelter without blocking the entrance.
I'd suggest a Wild Country Zepyros
Things like tarps or bivvy bags have their place, but use by a novice isn't it (IMHO). You'd really want to spend quite a number of one-nighters trying things out before you took a longer trip (the point being that on a one-nighter, it's easy to bail out and go home if it goes wrong, even in the middle of the night).
4. Bag
Warmth for warmth, a down bag is lighter and packs smaller than a synthetic bag, often considerably so. They also last considerably longer before losing warmth (like 5x). For general use, I'd recommend a down bag that's rated at about 0°. Get a liner so that you don't have to wash the sleeping bag much, or at all. Silk is smaller. lighter, and more comfortable, and not all that expensive if you go
eBay/Vietnamese.
These days, I keep my bag in a
Sea to Summit eVent drybag, and will put it straight on the (front) rack if necessary.
Maybe an Alpkit Skyehigh 500?
5. Mat.
You need something.
Closed cell foam is warm, 100% reliable, but doesn't pad the ground much and can be bulky (I'd wrap the tent in it and put it longways on top of the rack)..
Self inflating mats are mostly 1" thick, which is OK for most people, and OK down to about 0°, or a bit colder if you get a heavier version without perforated foam inside.
Insulated air beds are typically 2.5 to 3" thick, warm, comfortable, and expensive.
Uninsulated air beds are similarly comfortable, but not warm enough for use outside summer.
All air mats are open to failures. As well as simple and easily fixable punctures, the structure of the mat may fail. With a self-inflating mat, the cover becomes un-bonded from the foam core, you get a bubble that grows easily, and into which all the air goes, allowing you to drop onto the floor. With an air bed, the baffles that form the tubes fail with similar results. In either case, the mat is fairly useless, and the only option is a warranty claim for a new one, which isn't much use for the current holiday. I use Thermarest, on the basis that that's what I started with after a couple of early cheapo failures (back in about 1985), and haven't personally had any unaccountable failures, and I don't see lots of forum reports of Thermarest failures.
Crackle's Klymit skeletal thing is strictly for people who sleep the whole night flat on their back - i.e. not me.
6. Dinner.
Do you anticipate cooking, or is it likely to be eating out with just hot water for tea/coffee or an emergency dehydrated meal?.
If the latter, a small billy (I use an MSR Ti kettle, 850 ml, as an indication) and a small and cheap canister top gas stove is all you need, along with a bit of stout foil (pie dish grade) for a wind screen.
Cutlery-wise, I like the Light My Fire Ti spork rather than the pronged spoon versions. For cutting, I use a swiss army knife.
If you want to cook proper meals, you've a choice of a Trangia meths stove (27, probably), or a billy set, concertina wind shield and a gas stove (I'd recommend a remote canister stove like the Alpkit Koro). Trangias are comparatively bulky, and a bit heavy, but there's nothing to go wrong, they are windproof, and they don't knock over so you can stir without needing the other hand to stop the pan getting knocked over. On the other hand, temperature control is somewhat fiddly.
It's worth while making up suitably sized
pot cosies, which can save quite a lot of fuel (eg boil the water, add pasta/rice, bring back to the boil, then put the pan in the cosy until it's cooked, rather than a 10-20 minute simmer). The material is Thermawrap, available from the likes of B&Q in big rolls, much cheaper per quantity, but more expensive if you only want a bit.
I like the Orikaso fold-up plates and bowls. They take up no room in the bag.
7. Bike security
I just take a modest self-coiling cable & padlock, and put the cable round a convenient tree, fence post etc. The places I go touring aren't a hotbed of crime.
Maybe it would be different if I had more in the way of cultural interests and wanted to include things like Paris museums in my tours, but I don't.
My camping bike