Both brake types are more than capable when they are good quality brakes, with good quality pads and well setup.
The big difference at the lever end of things is cable pull; cantis pull less cable to work correctly, v-brakes need more cable pull. This means that for your usual short pull levers such as those on road style handlebars, cantis work. You can make v-brakes work with short pull levers (such as STI) with travel adapters, and you can find long pull road brake levers as well that will work with v brakes. Usually v-brakes don't have a problem with fenders either. Generally speaking, v-brakes offer better rim clearance (in terms of a rim becoming out of true) as they travel from an initial position farther out than cantis.... Likewise generally cantis usually offer less "digital" style braking and offer better modulation. These are big generalizations though!
Either example of a well setup quality brake will be fine. My personal preference is for cantis -particularly more modern examples that offer v-brake style pads that are (very thankfully) much much easier to setup than the old style. But I'd use v-brakes as well -it just so happened I was gifted the brakeset (good quality) and I had some old style brake levers I could use on my trekking bars.
One last thought: mini-V's. I've never tried them, but they are supposed to be compatible with short pulls, but for some reason have never been popular with short pull road brake levers; I can only guess they do not work as well as you'd expect -plus they would more than likely give trouble for fender clearance.