Forgive my ignorance but the article posted above doesn't say if he had a race membership or a normal membership, just that he was a member of BC and therefore subject to doping tests. To me that implies anyone who is a member of BC could get a knock on the door.
In theory, yes. It's the first thing in BC's terms and conditions, that you are subject to British Cycling's Anti Doping Policies. But I don't imagine it's likely, unless you happen to be importing EPO and refusing to give a sample...
https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/staticcontent/Terms-and-Conditions-0