Why do the Italians pronounce a 'c' as 'ch' but 'ch' as 'k'... eg.
ciabatta and
chianti
Long read because I'm hungover, it's confusing as hell and I have nothing better to do
Italian is closely related to Vulgar Latin and keeps many of its conventions although drops some of its letters. If anything it's the Germanic languages (including English) that have everything backwards.
In Classical Latin, 'c', 'k', and 'q' were all used interchangeably depending upon where they appeared in a word to describe the sounds we recognise today as 'k' and the hard 'g'.
The Romans pronounced "c" as a hard /k/. Caesar = K-eye-zar, Cicero = Kickero.
Written Latin didn't have any native way of representing the syllable /tʃ/ (the sound we recognise in English as "ch"), hell, I can't find any sources that suggest that this sound even existed in the language.
'ch' in Italian as a hard k came from directly transliterating from Classical Greek - the Greek letter 'chi', (pronounced in Classical Greek as 'ki', written with the character 'Χ' in the Greek alphabet (because linguistics isn't confusing enough already)).
As far as I can tell the Italian 'ci' came about for two reasons:
- Greek itself evolved - the pronunciation of their letter 'chi' changed to the modern one with the /tʃ/ sound, so transliteration of modernised Greek into Latin will have reflected this change, particularly with the spread of Christianity and the existence of Church Latin
- the fall of the Western Roman Empire caused Latin to fragment into separate languages.
Why both 'ch' and 'ci' in Italian survived the change to the Greek pronunciation with different outcomes, I have no idea. It's not like the letter k doesn't exist in the Latin alphabet.