Most DT lever bosses are simply brazed onto the outside of the frame tube. Soften the brass with your oxy-acetylene torch, pull the boss off and file away any remaining brass and you're done.
I've come across some on cheap frames which are spot-welded. These need to be ground off and then all traces of the weld carefully filed away.
This is a 531 frame, though, and too thin and delicate to be welded, so it won't have spot welds.
Some bosses fit into holes in the frame tube, but the holes are smaller than the external part of the boss. Same procedure; soften the brass and pull out the boss. Fill the remaining hole with brass.
(Liquid brass is quite clingy, and forms nice curves and miniscuses, so that's not as hard as it sounds. This is pretty much how lugged-and-brazed frames are built: the molten brass creeps into the tiny gap between the frame and the lug, filling it completely and alloying with the hot steel to make a very strong joing. Fillet-brazed frames require a slightly different technique, where the brass provides some strength by forming a fillet around the joint as well as filling the microscopic space between them - but again, the clinginess of the brass makes it form quite nice fillets without too much trouble, given a bit of skill on the part of the brazier. Any unevenness is filed away when it's cool. Anyway, where was I?...)
Oh, yes, then carefully file away any excess until it's flush. Brass is softer than steel, so that's not hard to do.
The scars of any of the above operations are more than adequately covered by re-finishing.
I'm confused about your confusion about the seat post clamp. The lugs on the seat tube may be rusty, but you're planning to re-finish it anyway, so no problem there - any rust will be removed. And there's plenty of rust elsewhere. It may be steel, but it takes a lot more rust than that to cause any structural weakness. (It's very rare indeed for a steel frame to fail from rust: cracks are much more common, and even they can often be fixed).
The other part of the clamp is, as you say, a bolt. Which is rusty. So buy a new stainless steel one.
This sort of work is everyday bread and butter stuff to any frame-building workshop. They might charge you £5 or £10 to remove bosses on top of the cost for re-finishing.